Why Do People Listen With Music Before Exercise Or...

If you were to ask 100 athletes if they listen to music before competing, almost every one of them will reply with a definite yes. Music has its place in sports and brings a certain culture to sports that seems to grow every year. Why do people listen to music before exercise or participating in competition? Does it give athletes an edge? Does it help athletes to focus, or perform better? This is a question that has brought countless research. My personal opinion is yes, it does optimize physical performance as well as mental performance. Most research that has been made by scientists support this same conclusion. Music can go great with almost any activity, but it seems like music and sports just go hand in hand with each other. Athletes across the world rely on music to get them in the right state of mind before a game or an important event. There’s just something about music and the way it can instantly change someone’s mood and the way they perform. There’s a reason that music is played before major sporting events, it not only can put the athletes in a better state of mind, but can also heighten the mood of the crowd, which makes for the perfect atmosphere for the athletes. Most studies have shown that the biggest reason people listen to music while exercising or participating in a competition is that it can draw the individuals away from the physical and mental exhaustion they are enduring. I can personally relate to this because I feel like when I am listening toShow MoreRelatedPros and Cons of Organized Sports for Youths1702 Words   |  7 Pagesin activities including sports, plays, and music. We all have seen the parents who involve their kids into everything at once and by the end of the day the kid can barely breathe. Some parents find it necessary to involve their kids into everything because it is good for friends, and just basic social skills. The big question is when is enough, enough? The research shows there are many advantages of organized sporting events for youths, and some people think there are disadvantages of them as wellRead MoreMusic Therapy Should Be Conjunctive Treatment for Dementia Patients1967 Words   |  8 PagesMusic Ther apy Should Be Conjunctive Treatment for Dementia Patients  Music Therapy Should Be Conjunctive Treatment for Dementia Patients Evidence based practice shows that music has had many positive effects on those with dementia when used as a form of treatment. In fact, some of the benefits that have resulted from music therapy are currently unachievable by other interventions. Music therapy is deï ¬ ned as â€Å"controlled use of music and its inï ¬â€šuence on the human being to aid in physiologicalRead MoreViolence And Sexual Content And The Media2947 Words   |  12 Pagestheir daily lives. Sex and violence in the media has changed so much and plays a major part influencing negative behavior in teens by promoting sexual deviance, increasing violence in teens, and impacting psychological health in a negative way. This is why television should have more restrictions for sexual and violent content. History of Sex and Violence in Media Media has changed so much over time because of technology and the need for different media platforms. In earlier times society did not seeRead MoreUsing Technology Into Her Classroom2721 Words   |  11 Pagesschool is visible throughout the city. Posters are displayed in several local businesses as well as in the front yards of numerous homes. The posters cover the various school events the students participate in such as athletics. When most people were asked why they chose to live in the city I reside their response was the small community atmosphere, the low cost of living, and the excellent reputation of the school system. It is imperative that a teacher understands the community that surrounds theirRead MoreA Child s Learning And Development Journey2326 Words   |  10 Pagespractice of working with children, and why this is a significant pedagogical approach. This essay will endeavour to define play, it will explore the significance of different types of play in a child’s learning and development journey. It will consider Vygotsky’s theory of development and also look at some opposing theories, these will then be linked to contemporary practice. This essay will also highlight the need for child-led and adult-led play and explain why there is legislation in place to supportRead MoreEarly years1945 Words   |  8 Pageswater play activities are things I do with children that combine fun, learning, creativity and time together. This makes the children confident as in the early year’s foundation stage learning area talks of expressive art and design as it shows how children explore play with a range of media and materials, page 5. Children often request and choose to play in the water and sand area and I encourage that by focusing on what they are doing and why they choose what they do. This helps the children to takeRead MoreIntroduction Of Prenatal Care For Teenagers2731 Words   |  11 Pagesthe future before it is too late. Many things can cause teen pregnancy but many things can prevent it or at least slow it down such as sexual abuse, poor life circumstances, parents attitudes, drugs and alcohol use, and exploitation by older men. Making good decisions and responsible choices about sexual activity during the teenage years can have immediate and lasting implications for overall health outcomes. How teenagers make decisions about relationships, abstaining or participating in sex, andRead MoreMultiple Intelligences Seminar and Workshop14464 Words   |  58 Pagesintelligence? 3. What do multiple intelligences have to do with my classroom? 4. How has M.I. theory developed since it was introduced in 1983? 5. Who are the critics of this theory and what do they say? 6. What are some benefits of using the multiple intelligences approach in my school? 7. How can applying M.I. theory help students learn better? 8. How can I find out more about M.I. theory? PART II – Demonstration 1. Seeing MI in action 2. What do M.I. lesson plans lookRead MoreElderly Care Ministry Proposal6882 Words   |  28 PagesELDERLY CARE MINISTRY PROPOSAL We are grateful to our church elders for recognizing the need to minister to the elderly people who reside in our community’s assisted living facility, and for their desire to impact the residents, their families and over time the community at large with the love of Jesus Christ. We appreciate the confidence and support bestowed upon us in designing a ministry plan to care for both member and non-member elderly residents. It is our goal to establish a ministryRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Human Life2473 Words   |  10 Pagesas the gaps of reality and gaming experience dwindle, this raises a question of whether video games, like films and music, could really be used as a valuable medium for educational purposes or is it really just the digital menace which potentially turns players into ferocious zombies. While the debate gets intensified, it has already been scientifically approved that video games do impose several psychological effects on human. Game consoles are basically the most powerful mass-produced computer

Essay on The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson - 1173 Words

In today’s society we perceive the lottery as being a great fortune brought down upon you by Lady Luck. It is a serendipitous event, even if the person has done nothing to earn it. One would never see the lottery as an unfortunate occasion that occurred in your life because it is supposed to bring prosperity into your life. Also, one would not dare to think that winning the lottery would bring such repercussions as injury or death. In the short story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, the author could have used Mrs. Tessie Hutchinson as the town’s scapegoat due to their reluctance to change traditions, her horrible work ethic, and minority status as a woman. In every village it is always difficult to try and change they ways of the†¦show more content†¦Old Man Warner is a man who has lived through more than seventy lottery drawings, and has the traditions of the village deep within his roots. Old Man Warner gets word that in a northern village they a re considering to stop the lottery tradition, and he just says that they are crazy (Jackson ). From his reaction to the statement made by Mr. Adams, we can tell that he does not want there to be change because the tradition is imbedded in his system. What others may see as brutal or heinous, he sees as mandatory and obligatory. The men in the village have the ultimate say in what goes on, and when changes need to be made. As men dictate what is to occur in society, more and more women want to have respect to have their voices heard, as well. The children run around and do as they wish without regarding their mother’s commands. They only listen to the father’s, and what they say. As Jackson said â€Å"His father spoke up sharply, and Bobby came quickly and took his place between his father and his oldest brother† (Jackson ). Before Bobby Martin’s father had called out to him, his mother had to repeatedly call out his name in order for him to come. Bobby ev entually went to his mother, but she was next to his father when he did so. We also get a sense of minority on behalf of the women, because they are seen as less, even by their children. When the roll call is occurring they notice that Mr. Clyde Dunbar is not attending because he has recently brokenShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the ma in character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered among st their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

Tanner’s Model of Nursing Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Tanners Model of Nursing. Answer: Introduction The current study focuses on the aspect of the application of nursing and midwifery board standards (Australia) in providing optimum care and support to patients within an acute hospital care set up. The goal of the nursing standards is to establish a person-centred and evidence-based care approaches. The analysis for the present scenario is done on the basis of the tanners model. The tanners model provides a comprehensive clinical judgment. I have used the tanners approach to evaluate the legal and professional boundaries applicable within the context of nursing studies. Here, I have tried to use various parameters of the model for handling my care duties as a nursing professional. Background of the case study In one of my recent professional experience, I have come across a 72 years old patient named Mr HD who had to be undergone surgery on the same day of admission to the hospital. The man was admitted to the hospital owing to pain due to appendicitis. However, one of the issues encountered by me while attending the patient was that the no objection' consent form was not signed by the patient. I tried reciprocating the same to the patient, only to realise that he was a German speaking man and could not decipher my message. Thus, I had to take the help of a language interpreter for understanding the messages communicated to me by Mr HD. Cultural and language differences possesses a major hindrance in the obtainment of objectives of health and care (Birks et al., 2016). Noticing From my initial assessment of the situation, I realized that the man had great difficulty in comprehending any of the instruction or messages delivered to him within the care centre. This could be attributed to the language or cultural differences possessed by the man. In this respect, as a nursing professional catering to the health requirements of Mr HD, I need to make sure that he understands every bit of the procedure that he is going through. In the course of spending more time with the patient, I realized that Mr HD lives in the Hesse region of Germany with his family, which consisted of his wife and a 24 years old son. Mr Hesse worked in a local bakery and his son worked in a construction factory and had only relocated to Australia two years ago. However, language illiteracy can come across one of the biggest hindrances in the context of healthcare (Ossenberg, Henderson, Dalton, 2015). Interpreting Working as a nursing professional looking after the care concerns of Mr HD and family I had identified the possible factors which resulted in the deterioration of the patient health condition. In this context, Mr HD and family held on to a number of cultural beliefs and attributes, which formed the basis of their cultural paradoxes. As per the cultural beliefs of Mr HD, health issues could be treated with simple homely therapies and thus ignored the pain in his lower abdomen. As commented by Gill et al., (2017), sufficient health advocacy or health education can help in removing the wrong health beliefs and cultural paradoxes from the minds of people. In my practice, I encountered a similar situation in the past, where I had to take charge of an 85-year-old lady of Australian aboriginal context. The woman had been admitted to the hospital at the terminal stage of breast cancer and was unwilling to receive chemotherapy stating that the intention of the almighty needs to translate. Thus, I had difficulty in convincing her for treatment owing to her strict and firm spiritual beliefs. However, I received sufficient participation from her family who could otherwise identify with the requirements of the situation. Here, with respect to providing care and support to Mr HD, I found that he does not remember half of the conversations that transpired between him and the doctor. Therefore, I organised a meeting between the doctor and the patient and his respective family. The conversation was further supported by an interpreter and made sure that I record all the relevant conversation between the doctor and the patient. The recorded helped in completing the consent form of the surgery (Nielsen, Lasater, Stock, 2016). Responding In this context, for providing Mr HD with optimum care and support I could apply a number of nursing principles and standards. Through the application of the Nursing and Midwifery standards (NMBA), I could ensure that the patient or his immediate family are given sufficient autonomy to provide their consent for the surgery. It would be my goal to ensure that complete details are provided to the patient as per the policies of informed decision making regarding the surgeries and other measures. I had used the standard 1 of NMBA ethics and guidelines and analysing the present situation. One of the major hindrances I have faced over here includes the cross-cultural and language barriers which prevented me in fully comprehending the present situation of the patient. Here, the use of situation, background, assessment and recommendation (SBAR) tool was used by me, which is a communication tool and helps in understanding the complications associated with the patients through an empathetic and situational analysis. Criteria for standard 1 of NMBA The standard 1 promulgates the use of evidence-based frameworks in accessing and understanding the current situation of the patient. The standard 1 helps in complying with the policies, legislation and guidelines. Apart from the establishment of evidence-based frameworks, the method also helps in improvement of the quality of relevant research (Herinckx et al., 2014). Reflection in action In this context, the patient and his respective family were apprehensive about the consequences of the surgery and the financial burdens brought about by the same. In this respect, I had undertaken the therapeutic relationship approaches for negotiating with the patient and his respective families (standard 2, NMBA). Criteria for standard 2 The therapeutic relationship helps in differentiating between the personal and professional boundaries. It also helps in respecting culture, values and dignity of a person. The implementations of standard 2 helps in providing support and direct patients to resources for optimising health-related decisions (Lasater et al., 2015). Reflection on action and clinical learning As a nursing professional, I have developed my skills in a number of different areas of healthcare which helped me enhance my expertise in caring for a vulnerable lot of people. Thus, I had gained experience in the areas of effective communication, care framework development and developed and empathetic approach to patient care. However, in case of facing a similar situation again, I think the present experiences would help me in framing effective evaluative frameworks for analysing the present situation. I think one of the major challenges that I have faced over here is understanding the language used by Mr HD and his family, as they communicated only in German. Thus, I think learning the skill of using effective and friendly body language and hand gestures for communicating with the patients would help me in the future. However, from my present experiences, I have learned to become more patient and empathetic towards patients seeking support care. It has enabled me to develop the skills of therapeutic relationship further. References Birks, M., Davis, J., Smithson, J., Cant, R. (2016). Registered nurse scope of practice in Australia: an integrative review of the literature. Contemporary nurse, 52(5), 522-543. Gill, F. J., Kendrick, T., Davies, H., Greenwood, M. (2017). A two phase study to revise the Australian Practice Standards for Specialist Critical Care Nurses. Australian Critical Care, 30(3), 173-181. Herinckx, H., Munkvold, J. P., Winter, E., Tanner, C. A. (2014). A measure to evaluate classroom teaching practices in nursing. Nursing education perspectives, 35(1), 30-36. Kim, E. J. (2014). Nursing Students' Clinical Judgment Skills in Simulation: Using Tanner's Clinical Judgment Model. Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 20(2), 212-222. Lasater, K., Nielsen, A. E., Stock, M., Ostrogorsky, T. L. (2015). Evaluating the clinical judgment of newly hired staff nurses. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 46(12), 563-571. Nielsen, A., Lasater, K., Stock, M. (2016). A framework to support preceptors evaluation and development of new nurses clinical judgment. Nurse education in practice, 19, 84-90. Ossenberg, C., Dalton, M., Henderson, A. (2016). Validation of the Australian nursing standards assessment tool (ANSAT): a pilot study. Nurse education today, 36, 23-30. Ossenberg, C., Henderson, A., Dalton, M. (2015). Determining attainment of nursing standards: The use of behavioural cues to enhance clarity and transparency in student clinical assessment. Nurse education today, 35(1), 12-15.

Dimitri Mendeleev free essay sample

This paper discusses the life and contributions of Dimitri Mendeleev, the founder of the first Periodic Table of Elements. This paper looks at the life-long contributions that Dimitri Mendeleev made to the field of chemistry. The author details Mendeleevs personal and professional biography including his battle against childhood disease which almost cost him his life. His familys struggle to insure that he was able to study at a prestigious university and to overcome the poverty into which he had been born influenced his drive to constantly work and succeed in his chosen field. In 1869 Mendeleev constructed the first Periodic Table of Elements. He also authored many books in the field of chemistry and predicted the discovery of many different elements, as well as weights and measure. The author also notes his many contributions to the advancement of technology in Russia. Mendeleev was born in 1834 in Siberia. His family consisted of thirteen brothers and sisters, his mother and his father. We will write a custom essay sample on Dimitri Mendeleev or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The family was poor, his father eventually went deaf before he died, and yet Mendeleevs mother insisted that her youngest child further his education. He hitchhiked over 14,000 miles across Russia to Moscow, only to be turned down by the University of Moscow because he was from Siberia. His mother never gave up, and the two of them traveled to St. Petersburg where he trained and eventually became a Professor of inorganic chemistry at the University of. St. Petersburg. (Chang, 233) During his third year of study there, Mendeleev fell ill, and was bedridden for the next year. He kept up with his studies, and graduated on time, and received the medal of excellence for being first in his class. (Rumppe, Sixtus

6000 Processor Architecture

Analysis of the RISC System/6000 Processor Architecture Free Online Research Papers Analysis of the RISC System/6000 Processor Architecture As far as Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) systems go, IBM has played an enormous role in both their development and success. It was IBM who pioneered the path to RISC architecture and was the creator of the first RISC system, the 801, which led directly to the creation of the RS/6000. If it had not been for the groundbreaking work done at IBM’s Thomas J. Watson Research Center in the mid 1970’s, RISC architecture as we know it today, would simply not exist. RISC architecture was a major breakthrough in the world of computing, and perhaps, one of the greatest innovations to be developed in computer science in the second half of the 20th century. It allowed for the design of CPUs with a simpler set of instructions, with a simpler set of goals. The main concept behind RISC architecture was to make the instructions simpler in order to make the cycles per instruction decrease, which would inversely result in an increase in machine efficiency. Before RISC architecture, and quite possibly the inspiration that led to discovery of RISC, researchers began to notice that the majority of the orthogonal addressing modes-an aspect of the instruction set architecture that define how machine language instructions identify the operand of each instruction-were being completely ignored.1 What they also discovered was that this was decreasing the level of performance between the processor and main memory. The decrease in performance was also a result of the increasing use of compilers to create programs, as opposed to simply writing them in assembly language, which was common practice up until this point. To solve this problem, researchers came up with the idea of making the instructions in the instruction set architecture as simple and, therefore, as fast as possible. This concept eventually evolved into RISC, in which the goal was to create instructions so simple that each one could be executed in a single clock cycle.2 IBM’s drive toward RISC architecture can be attributed to many factors. The main catalyst for this advance in CPU architecture, however, was the increasing problem researchers were noticing with computer performance. Processors, even before the birth of RISC, were becoming faster at an exponential rate, while the advances in memory access were much less dramatic. This increased the need for researchers to find different methods to boost performance and overcome the gap that existed between the processor and memory. The goal IBM had for the original RS/6000, released in February 1990, was to develop a method to conduct very complex calculations necessary for scientific and engineering research. At the time, the supercomputers responsible for carrying out these massive calculations were extremely expensive. IBM’s main goal in the superscalar RS/6000 was to increase the performance of the CPU, while making the price of the unit more affordable. The main functional units of the RS/6000 will be covered in the paper. The branch processor of the RS/6000 is a bit different from the implementation of other comparable processors. The branch processor unit in the RS/6000 can handle one branch every cycle, like most other comparable processors. Additionally, it uses branch prediction to predict that any unresolved conditional branches will not be taken. What the branch processor does next is where it really differs from other comparable processors. The branch unit fetches both the branch-not-taken as well as the branch-taken path into the instruction buffers.4 However, it only dispatches the branch-not-taken path for execution. It is not until after the condition branch has been resolved that the instructions from the incorrect path are flushed from the instruction buffers. At this point, if the instructions have already begun to be executed, they are cancelled from their respective functional unit. The benefit of the branch unit’s method of branch prediction is that, at worst, the miss-prediction penalty is a mere 3 cycles.5 To add to the benefit, this penalty can be eliminated if, between the comparison and the branch, there are independent instructions. Another advantage in how the branch processor handles operations is the ability of the unit to restore state if it encounters an exception by maintaining a Program Counter stack. This method allows exceptions to be handled without any interruption in performance. Adding to the uniqueness and quality of the branch processor is the fact that it implements a special branch-and-count instruction that, in turn, decrements a counter register and then conditionally branches on the result, all in a single cycle.6 The Data Cache in the RS/6000 is a four way set associative cache with 64KB of total memory, allowing each memory address to have a maximum of four locations in the cache where it can be stored.7 The D-cache has a line size of 128 bytes and is split up into four separate D-cache units of equal size, leaving each unit with a total of 16 KB of memory.8 The D-cache communicates with main memory using a 4-word interface, the Floating Point unit using a 2-word interface, the Fixed Point unit using a 1-word interface, and the I-cache unit using a 2-word interface. One of the unique features of the D-cache is that it utilizes a store-back buffer which is also 128 bytes wide.9 This allows for better performance due to the fact that it cuts down on the traffic over the memory bus. As a result of the use of the store-back buffer, data that is stored in the D-cache does need to be sent directly to main memory. Instead, the data is only written to memory when a miss in the cache is replace d. This allows for the flexibility of leaving missed lines on the buffer while the new line enters the cache, so that you need not write the missed line to memory before a new line is brought in. Adding to the advantage of this implementation is the fact that the D-cache is not kept busy during the store-back process.10 What makes this process available at no cost to the efficiency of the D-cache and therefore, the performance of the processor, is through the method by which the line is loaded into the store-back buffer. The D-cache is able to implement this feature by loading the line in a parallel fashion into the store-back buffer, which is all done over a total period of two cycles.11 The other main feature of the D-cache is its use of cache-reload buffers to store, from memory, a line that contains a miss. What this means is that the processor need not wait for the entire line to be grabbed from main memory before it can access the cache arrays. Similar to the store-back buffer, the cache-reload buffer does not tie up the cache, so there is no performance penalty that must be paid to load the cache-reload buffer.12 A standard configuration of the main memory within a RS/6000 consists of two separate memory cards, although the system can hold up to eight. Each memory card can output two words of data to the D-cache due to a four way interleaved design.13 This means that the system must have at least two memory cards in order to accommodate the four word interface with the D-cache. The standard configuration of the RS/6000, with 2 memory cards can store up to four instructions and sixteen words of data. The four way interleaving design is implemented by two data-multiplexing chips and one control chip. The RS/6000 can hold from two to eight memory cards, with each ranging between 8MB and 32MB of total memory. This allows the RS/6000 to utilize anywhere from 16MB to 256MB of total memory. This total can be doubled, however, using the 4MB DRAM that are supported by the chips memory cards increasing the total memory on each card to 64MB, which in turn would allow for a total memory of a half a Gigabyte.14 The instruction cache in the RS/6000 is a two way set associative 8KB cache with a total line size of 64 bytes, 16 instructions.15 It delivers four instructions per cycle to dispatch, while continuously re-aligning them so that the farthest instruction to the left is valid.16 The I-cache is responsible for dispatching instructions to their respective units. The dispatcher selects, from the available instructions, the first branch, condition, and two fixed or floating point instructions. The branch unit, along with the condition unit, executes its instruction immediately after it receives them from the dispatcher. The two fixed or floating point instructions, however, are sent to the instruction buffers to await execution.17 Actually, in the RS/6000 processor, the fixed and floating point units are not at all affected by the result of a branch instruction.18 In most cases, the fixed and floating point units receive an uninterrupted stream of instructions resulting in a zero cyc le branch.19 The unique dispatch logic of the RS/6000 actually allows the fifth instruction in the I-cache to be executed by the branch unit. This allows the branch unit to completely overlap the fixed and floating point units in a situation such as a loop where there are an equal number of fixed and floating point instructions to be executed.20 All of the fixed point instructions in the RS/6000 processor are decoded and executed by the Fixed Point Unit. The Fixed Point Unit also decodes and executes floating point instructions of the load and store types due to the fact that these types of floating point instructions are actually just fixed point operations. Because of its control over load and store floating point instructions, the Fixed Point Unit fuels the movement of data between the Floating Point Unit and the D-cache. The Fixed Point Unit has undergone little change from the RS/6000’s RISC predecessor, the 801. The Fixed Point Unit contains the Arithmetic Logic Unit to handle the instructions involving arithmetic that are sent to the Fixed Point Unit. It also allows load and store instructions to overlap by executing independent instructions. This feature is made possible through the use of register tagging. The Fixed Point Unit (FXU) utilizes 32-32 bit registers a feature that remains the same from the original 801. Almost all instructions carried out by the FXU are completed within one cycle. One of the changes in the FXU from the original 801 is that it features a fixed point multiply and divide unit to handle multiplication and division. Due to the specialized multiply and divide unit, instructions involving multiplication take from 3 to 5 cycles. In contrast, any given divide instruction will take from 19 to 20 cycles, hindering the multiply/divide unit a bit.21 To handle address translation, data locking and page protection, the FXU contains a 128 entry two way set associative Data-Translation Look-aside Buffer (D-TLB). Additionally, page table look-ups for the Instruction-Translation Look-aside Buffer (I-TLB) and D-TLB reloads are performed by the FXU. The FXU also contains D-cache directories and controls; and, therefore, any address generation or D-cache controls for either fixed or floating point load/store operations are also performed by the FXU.22 The main reas on that the FXU handles address generation is to be able to accommodate the newly implemented multiply-add instructions that are executed by the Fixed Point Unit. In order for the multiply-add instructions to be worthwhile, data must be exchanged between the Floating Point Unit by a method that is not slower that the multiply-add execution time.23 Due to its unique implementation, in order to allow the processor the ability to wait for the right time to write an instruction into the D-cache, the data and address of one fixed point store instruction can be held up in the store buffers within the FXU. This feature means that both the FXU and the Fixed Point Unit (FPU) will receive their data in a timelier manner by allowing fixed and floating point load instructions to pass up the fixed point store instructions that were ahead of them in line.24 One of the biggest accomplishments in the RS/6000 architecture is its intuitive implementation of the Floating Point Unit. The Fixed Point Unit (FPU) in the RS/6000 contains 32-64 bit registers and has, in addition to these main registers, six rename registers for register renaming, and two divide registers to accommodate for floating point divide instructions. The FPU is a fully pipelined unit which allows one instruction to begin its execution at the start of every cycle. One of the most advantageous features brought upon by its unique implementation is that every instruction, except for divide types, has a result latency of only two cycles in the FPU.25 The FPU handles all of the multiply, divide, add, and subtract operations involving floating point instructions. Additionally, it computes a standard set of move, negate, and absolute-value operations.26 It will generate one double precision result for every cycle regardless of the various types of instructions in the buffer. This means that data held in the floating point registers is always represented in double-precision format.27 One of the highlights of the RS/6000’s FPU is its ability to execute a unique multiply-add instruction. What makes this feature key is the fact that these instructions, of the (A x B) + C type, are executed with the same delay as a single multiply or add instruction. The multiply-add instruction increases the performance of the RS/6000 exponentially by combining two instructions into one which reduces the number of instructions that need to be executed in a given program. This is made apparent in scientific and graphical applications that rely heavily on matrix operations that can utilize the multiply-add instruction. This instruction is also more accurate than in previous implementations of the instruction. This is due to the fact that the result of the multiply is not rounded before the addition takes place. Therefore, no accuracy is lost during the multipl y-add operations. In the FPU, the two word interface with the D-cache unit provides the required amount of transferability for every floating point instruction. Another prime feature of the FPU is its ability to fully overlap load and store instructions with the execution of arithmetic operations. It is able to perform these overlapping executions due to the use of register renaming. This function allows floating point loads to be executed independently of floating point arithmetic operations, enabling the FXU to perform floating point loads without having to wait for previous floating point arithmetic operations to be completed.28 In the RS/6000, input/output operations are handled through an I/O channel controller which undertakes the task of moving data to and from the main system memory of the computer (i.e. disk).29 The I/O channel controller creates a Micro Channel interface, which is a bus architecture that defines how peripheral devices and internal components communicate across the CPU’s expansion bus. The I/O unit incorporates a two word interface between itself and the system memory via a two word interface with the SIO bus. The Micro Channel interface establishes a one word address bus and a one word data bus out of the two word interface to the SIO.30 The I/O controller architecture focuses on better performance and error handling in the RS/6000. The I/O controller’s main task is to handle the exchange of information between the system memory and the Micro Channel interface. The processor can transfer data to and from the Micro Channel interface through the use of I/O load and s tore operations. On the other hand, the Micro Channel interface handles data transfer with the system memory through the use of DMA (Direct Memory Access) channels.31 DMA controllers transfer data from system memory directly to the Micro Channel interface without bogging down the processor. A feature of the I/O unit that provides extensive data security is the use of address protection mechanisms which provide secure exchange of information within all data transfers. The units I/O channel controller supports up to 15 DMA channels for improved performance over the original 801 architecture. A notable feature of the Micro Channel interface is the streaming data function. This feature enables more than one packet of data to be sent over the SIO bus within a single bus envelope. The Micro Channel architecture accomplishes this task by sending a starting address followed by a single block of data that contains multiple separate packs of data. This is an extremely formidable attri bute of the I/O unit creating a powerful performance boost due to the fact that it can double bandwidth on large transfers of data.32 The RS/6000 is a fully pipelined processor with several stages that execute in parallel across multiple functional units to handle the execution of various instructions. The first stage in the pipeline of the RS/6000 is the instruction fetch (IF) cycle. In this stage, four instructions are fetched from the cache arrays within the I-cache and placed into the instruction buffers. The second stage in the pipeline is the Disp/BRE cycle, in which a total of four instructions are analyzed for dispatching. Also in this stage, the branch and condition instructions are executed, the target addresses for the branch instructions are generated, and the two fixed point or floating point instructions are sent to their respective units to await execution. The third stage in the pipeline is the FXD cycle. In this stage, the FXU decodes the instructions stored in its instruction buffer and obtains the operands from the register file. The next stage is the FXE cycle where the FXU executes its instructions. In this stage the D-TLB’s and D-cache directories are searched for load and store instructions. The fifth stage in the pipeline is the C cycle wherein, the D-cache arrays are accessed.34 The WB cycle, which is the next stage in the pipeline, is responsible for writing fixed point instruction results to the register file. The PD cycle is the next stage in the pipeline, and where the FPU pre-decodes its instructions. Following the PD cycle is the Remap stage. In this stage the floating point instruction registers are mapped to the physical registers. In the next stage, the FPD cycle, the FPU actually decodes its instructions. The next two stages, the FPE1 cycle and the FPE2 cycle, are where multiply-add instructions are executed. The last stage in the pipeline is the FPWB cycle. In this stage, the results from floating point operations, except for load/store types, are written to the register file.35 Going through a cycle-by-cycle analysis of the pipeline, we start off with cycle 1, where the first four instructions are fetched from the I-cache. In cycle 2, the instructions are analyzed for dispatch, branch and condition instructions are executed, target addresses are generated, and the fixed point and floating point instructions are sent to their respective units to be executed. Also in this cycle, the next four instructions in line are fetched from the I-cache. The third cycle sends the next two fixed point or floating point instructions to their respective units, while the FXU is decoding the first floating point instruction and the FPU is pre-decoding its first instruction. Also in this cycle, the FXU will execute the floating point load instruction and the FPU will send the first two instructions to the PD stage for renaming.36 Additionally, another four instructions are fetched from the I-cache. In the third cycle, however, the four instructions fetched from the I-cac he include the BCT-a special loop-closing branch instruction-followed by the next three instructions in line. In the fourth cycle, the FXU will generate the address for the first floating point load instruction. The third instruction pair is dispatched to the FXU and FPU respectively. The FPU will rename the load instruction and the multiply-add. Also, the second fixed point or floating point instruction pair is in the FXD and FPD cycles. In the fourth cycle the address of the BCT is also generated. In cycle 5 the next four instructions are fetched from the I-cache, while the fourth pair of fixed point or floating point instructions are sent to their respective functional units. In this cycle the BCT is executed while the first FMA (floating point multiply-add) instruction is being processed in FPD. Meanwhile, the first floating point load is accessing the D-cache and at the end of this cycle, the FMA instruction will enter the FPE1 stage. In cycle 6, the second floating po int load instruction will access the D-cache while the second FMA instruction will be decoded by the FPU. Also in this cycle, the FPU is generating the address for the first store instruction, which will be placed in the store buffer at the end of the cycle.37 The advantage that the RS/6000 architecture gives to the performance of the pipeline is that the loop-closing branch instruction does not affect the performance of the pipeline whatsoever. In fact, the FXU and FPU operate completely independent of the Branch instructions. This allows the floating pipeline to remain busy throughout the different stages, allowing for two floating point results in every cycle.38 The RS/6000 has many architectural advantages over other comparable processors. Perhaps the biggest advantage of this processor is that of its Floating Point Unit. The FPU in the RS/6000 increases its performance greatly due to features such as the multiply-add instruction, register renaming, and its lightning fast two cycle pipeline. Another aspect that makes the RS/6000 desirable over other architectures is its simplicity in design. The computer designers at IBM left its organization open to mold to the constant advancement in processor architecture. An equally important advantage that the RS/6000 processor puts forward is its ability to process zero cycle branches which cut down on execution time and processor load immensely. Lastly, the fact that the processor has very fast exception handling and recovery is a huge advantage to the system. The disadvantages of the RS/6000, although not as many in number as the advantages of the system, can prove to be a performance bottleneck in some cases. The biggest disadvantage of the system is its inability to accommodate out-of-order execution. The processor does process out-of-order operations, but only involving accesses to the D-cache. Needless to say, it would mean better performance overall if the system was able to execute instructions out-of-order. However, the cost of being able to perform such a feat with the RS/6000 may be more cumbersome than advantageous. In order to implement out-of-order execution in the processor it would require more flexibility in the area of register renaming and an increased amount of logic, which, in the long run, may not be worth the added performance. Research Papers on Analysis of the RISC System/6000 Processor ArchitectureOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneDefinition of Export QuotasStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Hockey Game

Paper Essays - Unemployment, Labour Economics, Social Justice

Paper Essays - Unemployment, Labour Economics, Social Justice Paper Discussion Board 1The recession of 2007-2009 has impacted many industries, but few have been hit as hard as the newspaper industry. From a loss of subscribers to a loss in advertising revenue, print newspapers are experiencing economic change unlike any other time in history. Last year, Denver?s Rocky Mountain News stopped publishing in February, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer ceased printing their publication and converted to an online-only format in March (and in the process, laid off 145 of their 165 employees), McClatchy Co., owner of the Miami Herald, announced in March it was cutting 1,600 jobs and reduce wages throughout the company, and even the venerable New York Times made a deal to sell its share of its headquarters and lease it back, raising a much needed $225 million in the process. These are just a few of the many examples of hard times in this industry. Why do you think the newspaper industry has been hit so hard? What sources do you use to get news? Why? Do you subscribe to a local paper, and if so, do you receive a print copy or receive it electronically? How have changes in the news industry affected unemployment? Discuss how changes in this industry have resulted in not only cyclical unemployment, but also frictional and structural unemployment.

Gambling and its effect on professional and college sports Essay

Gambling and its effect on professional and college sports - Essay Example However, humans are a unique and the only species on earth which is conscious as well as concerned about the future and their superior brain allows them to be predictive and speculative in nature. This extra ability allows humans to indulge in fantasy and speculation which is reflected in the phenomenon of gambling which has developed into an art over the years. In face of the stiff competition everybody tries to stay ahead of the other and subtle methods and means are employed to get an edge in one’ favor. Gambling is also an evil which has developed over the course of time and has assumed such proportions that it is legalized in some parts of the world. Everybody tries to chance their luck in order to get short term immediate monetary gains and thereby obtain temporary succor from the travails of life. Sports are an essential component of education and are incorporated into the course curriculum in order to eliminate the monotony of student life. People even opt for adopting sports as a career as it is a highly paying profession if one is capable of reaching the pinnacle in any of the sports disciplines. Collective efforts at the state and the national level are made to support their representative teams in various tournaments across the nation as well on the international platforms. The general public usually builds up euphoria and attachment with the local or the national team and this sometimes transforms into downright craze. This allows for the elements of wagering and bets in or against a particular team to develop. In fact the phenomenon has assumed the mantle of a business itself in the present era of online connectivity and rapid communication. In the United States sports wagering has assumed serious proportions and it has taken the form of a highly organized industry with statistics showing that almost 85% of the population indulges in